Academic Paper: The Legal Framework of the Crime of Espionage with the Israeli Occupation: A Descriptive-Analytical Study of the Israeli War on Gaza 2023-2025 (Arabic)

Reading Time: 2 minutes

By: Diya’ Na‘im al-Safadi.
(Exclusively for al-Zaytouna Centre).

Al-Zaytouna Centre has published an academic paper by Diya’ Na‘im al-Safadi, in Arabic, titled “The Legal Framework of the Crime of Espionage with the Israeli Occupation: A Descriptive-Analytical Study of the Israeli War on Gaza 2023–2025.”

Espionage constitutes a highly sensitive and serious crime, especially in the context of the Israeli war on the Gaza Strip (GS), 2023-2025. It represents a profound breach within the ranks of Palestinian fighters and resistance members, undermines societal trust, and reflects a significant erosion of Palestine’s standing in parts.

The study aims to clarify the legal framework governing the crime of espionage in collaboration with the Israeli occupation under Palestinian law, with particular attention to its motives, constitutive elements, prescribed penalties, and competent judicial authorities. It further examines selected cases of espionage networks across different areas of GS, revealing significant developments in espionage practices. In this regard, the role of spies has extended beyond intelligence transmission to include direct field involvement and operational support for occupation forces, thereby rendering the crime more complex and severe in both legal and security dimensions, while further weakening societal trust.

The study recommends strengthening preventive mechanisms and legal accountability in combating espionage, through the enforcement of applicable penalties, the unification of fragmented legislation, the activation of competent courts, and the enhancement of both security measures and public awareness. It also emphasizes the importance of monitoring and analysis of espionage cases in order to safeguard national security stability and protect society from infiltration.

Click here to download:
>> Academic Paper: The Legal Framework of the Crime of Espionage with the Israeli Occupation: A Descriptive-Analytical Study of the Israeli War on Gaza 2023-2025 … Diya’ Na‘im al-Safadi (Arabic) (37 pages, 2.1 MB)